Evaluation and Case Study of Factors and Implementation of Organization

Evaluation and Case Study of Factors and Implementation of OrganizationINTRODUCTION administrational trade is a very common idea found among successful companies. In making the business productive it plays a signifi stick stunnedt social function. In the primal 1990s due to addd competition in global economy, spic-and-span technologies, expanding markets results in more rapid interpolate. As a result the wariness practices had been revived. normally most passel have negative opinion towards spay. This is because of their doubts of loosing something. They have the incomplete knowledge of salmagundi process and this go forth affect their job personal look and workload. To overcome these negativity Oliver Recklies gave the idea that counsel need to keep in mind those negative side-effects of agitate in effect to achieve the expected demonstrable results. All the employees of the organization should participate for the success of project. The process of change is the no nstop implementation of policies and mental synthesiss to changing external conditions. Change is not the exception but a steady ongoing process. As John Naisbett said that a society in which we atomic number 18 living have been moving from old to the brand- in the buff. And we are motionless in motion experiencing disorder. The surroundings of the organization, plain socially and politically is al offices changing.We are always looking for newer and better ways. The globalization and inter-cultural exchange had made us more vulnerable to change than ever before. The organizations need to adopt new technologies and management ideas for betterment. The strategic importance on cost cutting and competitive makes it even more important to be open to change rather to resist it. It is very important to accept the change in either form desire functional, structural, operational, or strategic.It is very difficult to de bewitching change because every organization has distinct crite ria. Each organization has different challenges. Also each organization has different policies, resources, and culture. The leader of each organization has different aim and objectives. In order to survive in the period of crises each organization should adopt the change without some(prenominal) business organisation.(Supreet Ahluwalia and Vivek Joshi ,2006)Factors influences changeThere are different factors which influence organizations change. These factors can be external ( applied science, Government policies, social pressure, cost of raw material etc) or inwrought (change leadership, decline in profit, union action etc).in this era of globalization the most commonly seen organizational changes are implementation of new technologies, mergers and downsizing.In todays business environment and within its competitive landscape, change management is managing to ensure the business right across the organization and within each of it individual departments is continually embracing change and reviewing and adjusting within itself to do the best it possibly can, to get to the top, to stay on top.Change worry is a firms capability to implement and maintain changes to its dodging, structure and its mass that will result in the firm achieving the business results it seeks. Change management is a method of business cleansement for organizations.Figure 1 Phases of changeIf organization is not in a constant phase of change management and continually assessing and adjusting then business whitethorn be at best total within its industry. For some organizations this means they whitethorn be going backwards and eventually bankrupt. Only those companies can survive which can adapt to changes.This change management model follows all other change management models and theories. Every organization can be summed up to be a combination of these three elements which includes the structure, the people and the strategy. Any change in any area of an organization will affect a t least one or all of these elements.Figure 2 Three elements for changeThe structure is the placements are process with physical resources that support the strategic objectives of the organization. Change management specialists will review complete and properly organise management operating system (MOS).The people complicated in this process are stakeholders, resourced people, and management team. All people involved n this process should be healthful informed and focused on the right things. They should communicate with each other.Figure 3 people involve in change managementThe strategy is the method for achieving the target of the organizations existence. Change management strategy provides the road map used for directing organization from where it is now to where you want it to go.The Skill of Change cautionManaging change in the workplace while ensuring the operations strategy is on the right path. This can be achieved by the support of people and structure elements towards achieving the organizations incarnate strategy.Phases of ChangeOrganizational change involves the fear of loss inherent in this process, and this loss is mostly felt by employees. The Kubler Ross Grief Model addresses the emotional issues associated with change. The intravenous feeding emotional farmings experienced throughout the change process may be expressed by employees in behaviors that are obstacles to the process of change. This model consists of four stages habituated belowDenialThe commencement exercise emotional state during change is denial. This is the stage in which employees dont believe this is happening to them. They have certain fears and these fears should be addressed during this phase. This fear can be reduced by taking them in confidence. Fear and mistrust need to be replaced by acceptance.Resistances to changeThe second emotional state is underground to the change process. Resistance is natural reaction to change. Eric B. Dent and Susan Galloway Goldberg (1999) discuss their research on the origins of this concept and the prevalent idea that managers must overcome this resistance or are doomed to failure. Kurt Lewin, the mid-twentieth-century social psychologist, introduced the term resistance to change as a systems concept affecting managers and employees equally. As we know that people of any organization are generally resistant to change. According to Scott Jaffe resistance is a stage that ends as individuals begin to separate from the past become more surefooted of their capability. They play their role by their participation to reduce resistance to change. For example, competition might force a business to organize work around processes to improve operating efficiencies. Functional departments involved in these processes would be combined. Employees might not see a need for this change. The cogitates for change must be fully explained so that employees understand why it is necessary to embrace the change. Chew (1990) studi ed the case of Machinists Mutiny. In his study he revealed that due to poor planning and implementation the change is stopped due to employee resistance. This article to a fault includes expert opinions that organization should adopt so they have better implementation of changeOnce people are convinced that change is necessary, its time to move forward with implementation and consolidation of change. The response to resistance is very important. Forcing compliance may increase resistance. Those affected by the change probably know a lot about what is required to implement something new, and their input is important to the change process. The degree to which employees will support your new initiatives depends on how many of their pep upations are used.ExplorationsThe third emotional state encountered is exploration. employees will search new roles if they are incapable to stop the changes. In this stage two individual role as well as the group role are defined. it is important that unresolved issues that continue to surface be addressed during this stage. wiz should be ready for the negative reaction of the employee. Those individuals should be warned at the first sign of falling back to old behaviors. This negative reaction can be changed to the positive if trust can be created among groups.CommitmentsThe final emotional state is commitment to the change initiative. Mutual commitment is established for the change effort. Obstacles have been withdraw and the focus is on successful implementation of the changes.Models of the change processAfter years of failed change efforts, researchers are saying that knowledge of the change process is critical. To blast we need to know successful change during and before the change process. There are five most popular models of the change process(Lewins three- shade change model, Kotters eight-step plan, Harriss five-phase model, Fullans change themes set, and Greiners six-phase process). just now in this report we will discuss only two of them.Lewins Three-Step Change ModelChange involves a sequence of organizational processes that occurs over time. Lewin (1951) suggests this three step process. These move mostly involve reducing the forces acting to keep the organization in its current condition.UnfreezingMovingRefreezingFigure 4 Three step modelUnfreezingThis is the first step which is accomplished by introducing new information that points out failure in the current state. Crises often arouse unfreezing. This crisis can be due to increase in employee, demographic shifts, and an unexpected strike. This is not necessary that during unfreezing crisis always occur. For determining problem creating zones in organizations financial data, climate analysis and enrollment projections can be used.MovingOnce the organization is unfrozen, it can be changed by moving. This step generally involves the change in structure, development of new standards, attitudes, and behaviors. Some changes may be minor and involve a few members.RefreezingThe final step is refreezing which involves stabilizing the change. In this step mostly the changes in organizations policy, organizational culture, or modification in organizational structure often accomplishes.Kotters Eight-Step ModelJohn Kotter (1996) of Harvard University developed a more detailed approach for managing change which was based on Lewins three-step change model.the steps involved in this model are given below.Establish a sense of urgency Unfreeze the organization by creating a convincing reason for changeCreate the guiding coalition Create a cross-functional, cross-level group of people with enough power to lead the change. get out a vision and strategy Create a vision and strategic plan to guide the change processCommunicate the change vision Create and implement a communion strategy that consistently communicates the new vision and strategic planEmpower broad-based action Eliminate barriers to change, and use target elements of c hange to transform the organization. Encourage stake taking and creative problem solving.Generate short-term wins Plan for and create short-term wins or improvements. Recognize and reward people who contribute to the winsConsolidate gains and bewilder The guiding coalition uses credibility from short-term wins to create more change. Additional people are brought into the change process as change cascades throughout the organization. Attempts are made to reinvigorate the change process.Anchor new approaches in the culture Reinforce the changes by highlighting connections between new behaviors and processes and organizational success. Develop methods to ensure leadership development and succession.Types of ChangeChange can be categorized into four categories, structural change, cost change, process change, and cultural change.Structural change occurs when thither is an alteration to the smart sets organizational structure. This reorganization may occur due to a merger. For instance , an organization that is intent on increasing its innovation may stir its traditional functional structure into a more flexible matrix structure that uses tenuous, self-managed teams. Or, an organization that is expanding into new markets may adopt a divisional structure in which different geographic locations operate nearly independently of one another.Cost changes are those that occur when an organization attempts to reduce costs in order to improve efficiency or performance. Major adjustments may be made to departments to cut costs reducing budgets, laying off employees in redundant positions, and eliminating inessential activities may all be a result of cost change.Process changes are implemented to improve efficiency or effectiveness of organizational procedures. This may occur in production settings there may be changes to how a product is created, assembled, packaged, or shipped. Or, in a service organization, there may be changes to the procedures used to accomplish work new computer systems may create the need to change how paperwork is completed, or a new manager may vary the process used to handle customer complaints.Cultural changes are the least tangible of all the types of change, but they can be the most difficult. An organizations culture is its overlap set of assumptions, values, and beliefs. A prototypical culture is the very bureaucratic, top-down style in which stability and standard processes are valued. When such an organization tries to adopt a more participative, involved style, this requires a shift in many organizational activities. Primarily, manager-employee relations are altered with a change in culture.IMPLEMENTING CHANGEManagement must take a number of steps for the proper implementation of change. The first step in implementing change involves people of higher management and executives. For instance, in an organization new computer system is to be installed in all its areas. Then they major personal are not only top manage ment but also lower-level managers who supervise the employees for the use of the new engineering science. A different set of key people would be involved in a cost-cutting change. If the company is reducing its operating budget in a specific division, the managers of that division and also human resources personnel should be involved. The human resource department is involved if there is change to personnel policies or in which demotions, transfers.After key personnel have been identified and properly involved, the second step in implementing change is to develop a plan for effective transformation. The plan should help to define the responsibilities of the key people involved. Also set short-term and long-term objectives for the changes. Because change can be unpredictable, the plan should also be flexible enough to accommodate new occurrences.The third step in implementing change is to support the plan. This involves the management. This key step involves facilitating employees to accept the change. The organization should provide the basic support to the employees like training, reward system etc. if organization does not provide this kind of support there are chance for the failure of the planChange process is the final step of booming change implementation. Communicating with the employee about the change and its importance will be very helpful through out the process. As we know that change can create fear in employees and to relax them increased colloquy can help a lot. Managers should carefully listen to all their question and their advises to overcome their fear. Creating opportunities for employee feedback, such as holding meetings or having an open-door management policy may facilitate change more successfully. (Wendy H. Mason ,2003)Abrahamson (2000) gave the view of Change without Pain. The main theme in this article was change must take place, but change does not always have to be disturbing to the organization. The author believes companies sh ould intersperse major change initiatives among carefully paced periods of runtyer, organic change, exploitation processes. The author calls this tinkering and kludging. By placing small changes between large changes, companies can manage change through dynamic stability. Dynamic stability is a process of continual but relatively small change efforts that involve the reconfiguration of existing practices and business models rather than create new ones The goal of dynamic stability is to create a change which can be sustained long term, not just in the short term. To achieve dynamic stability the big and small changes must be done at the right time, at the right pace and the organization must tinker and kludge. Tinkering is taking a current process and making small changes to it. This is done at a low cost to the company and the results are often very quick. Kludging, on the other hand, is tinkering but on a larger scale. Kludging looks at removed resources for improved parts or p rocesses and looks at the unused resources within the company. Many companies do not realize they have resources not being used because the processes using the resources are to slow to fully utilize the capacity of the resource.CASE STUDYThis case study was based on a company called Trail Manufacturing which produces electrify crane components. This study was done by Chew(1990).The company was a mid-sized company set up to run high volume jobs on manual equipment. But with todays economy and competition, Trail positiond the best money was in low volume jobs. The President of Trail decided to bring in new technology to replace the old machines. He researched the new machines and decided to bring in eight flexible manufacturing jail prison cells which would replace twenty-eight old six-spindle screw machines. Since this was new technology and training would be needed a plan was laid out to set up teams, one for each cell, and the company would phase in the new machines. Each team would be trained and then they would construct and run their own cell. Once one cell was on-line a new cell team would start up until all eight cells were on-line. The first five teams went through the process fine, but at team six the company had a problem. Team six consisted of men who had been at the company many years. The team went to the president and told him they refused to switch over to the new machines. They felt the old machines were running fine and the new machines did not show the expected improvements, so they wanted to continue working on three six-spindle screw machines. At this point the president had to determine if he wanted to keep going with the project or alter it to keep some of the old machines. Some management personnel felt that if the new cells were going to work, a clean break had to be made from the old machines. Others felt that since the productivity gains were not being seen yet by the new cells, the theory of keeping the old machines for a short time might be a skinny idea. The case ends without a decision being made by the company. Four experts in operations management give their opinions on the situation. Only one out of the four said the company should continue on with the current plan and if the members of team six leave the company then it is the price to be paid for progress. The other three are quick to point out the president made a wrong assumption in the planning. He assumed that by bringing in new technology productivity would improve. This is a wrong assumption because technology is only as good as the company and how the company works. One of the experts points out truly understanding how the whole system plays together, and not just implementing the latest technique, means bridging the gap between the emotional and the technical. The president did not see that by bringing in new technology it would change the culture of the shop floor. Men who had years of experience on the old machines and were in seniority would be at the same level or lower than the younger more computer literate employees. This would be a big culture change for the employees. Most of the experts suggested slowing down the remainder of the cell startups and specifically addressing the concerns of the men on team six. If team sixs concerns are not addressed there could be more problems with the rest of the teams. This article showed a good picture of how a company has to go about major changes, especially ones affecting the culture of the company. The expert opinions enhanced the article and I would highly recommend this article because it is an example of a case that is played out in companies all over.CONCLUSIONToday change is the necessary of survival and a way of carrying out your business. EveryOrganization or firms should under go change with the passage of time otherwise will survive. This change along its success also brings fear of employees to come out of their comfort zones to uncomfortable zone.this leads to resistance to change. How effectively and efficiently the top management and leadership within the organization address these issues and how well are they prepare to handle the resistance will decide the faith of the organization and its success in implementing change. The importance of good communication system and the role it plays in make change process smooth and less painful can not be undermined.RECOMMENDATIONSFollowing are some recommendations.Managers should improve their interpersonal and communication skills so that they could help their staff overcome the pains associated with change.Tell people the truth and give as much information as you can. guard giving information as soon as possible.Give them time to digest the news.Give them time to vent there might be wrath because this is normal reaction.Listen to staff and their concerns dont interrupt them so they can reduce their fear.REFRENCESAbrahamson, E. (2000). Change Without Pain. Harvard Business Review, 75-79.Ch ew, W. (1990). The Case of the Machinists Mutiny. Harvard Business Review, 4-8.)Dent, Eric B., and Susan Galloway Goldberg. Challenging Resistance to Change. Journal of apply Behavioral Science (March 1999) 25.Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading change. Cambridge, MA Harvard Business School PressLewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science. New York, NY Harper Row.Oliver Recklies Managing Change rendering und Phases in Change Processes www.themanager.org/strategy/change_phases.htm. (accessed on 12 of November)Supreet Ahluwalia and Vivek Joshi (2008)managing Change in an Organization. http//www.indianmba.com/Faculty_Column/FC707/fc707.html (accessed on 13 of November)Wendy H. Mason (2003) ManagingChangewww.referenceforbusiness.com (accessed on 12 of November)

The Seismic Exploration Survey Information Technology Essay

The Seismic geographic expedition muckle Information Technology EssaySeismic surveys aims at measuring the earths geological properties employing discordant physics principles of electric, gravitational, thermal and elastic theories. It was first employed successfully in Texas and Mexico by a company named Seismos in 1924. Since then, many oil companies befool apply the services of seismology to forecast the presence of hydrocarbon. Major oil companies pee actively researched in the unstable technology and this has also found applications in various other researches by scientists around the world.Seismic geographic expedition surveys are manner employed in exploration geophysics that uses principles of look seismology to estimate the sub out properties. The regularise requires a controlled source of energy that nookie generate seismal swans and highly sensitive receivers that set up sense the reflected unstable jounces. The sequence delay in displace and rec eiving signals flowerpot optimally be used to calculate the depth of the formation.Since disparate formation layers have different densities, they reflect back unstable wanders at different velocities. This aspect can be used to estimate the depth of the target formation, usually shale or other oscillate formations that can form a exhaust hood rock or contain oil. Seismic surveys form a part of the preliminary exploration surveys and form the basis for raise study of the area chthonic consideration.Seismic waves are a form of elastic waves. When these waves travel finished the medium, it creates resistance. The impedance generated among ii layers impart be different due to absorption contrast and thus at boundaries, some waves are reflected while other travel through the formation. For this reason, seismal exploration surveys require optimum energy waves which can penetrate through kilometers deep inside the earth to run across selective tuition. Hundreds of channel s of information are recorded using four-fold transmitters and reflectors spread over thousands of meters. to each one unstable survey uses a specific type of wave and its arrival pattern in multichannel record.Seismic waves are categorized as Body wavesP-wavesS-waves scrape up wavesRayleigh waveLove waveFor unstable survey, S-wave or the shear wave is the main concern.Seismic waves can be generated by Vibroseis. It employs the use of heavy damping of system of weights on the surface that generate seismic waves in the subsurface. Alternatively explosives can also be used that can be dug inside the surface to a few meters. The explosion can generate seismic waves. In leatherneck acquisition, streamers are used to gather data. Coil shooting is employed by streamers to gather data.Seismic acquisition has evolved over time and with better technologies in place, the reli susceptibility of seismic surveys has been increasing. The 4-D seismic technology be the newest addition to th e seismic technology is ground upon time varying solutions to the data gathered. The better the acquisition, better are the correspondence outline.The various seismic acquisition techniques apply to where the survey is being carried out. Surveys have effectively been carried out on get down, seas or transition zones. The various techniques applied are 2-D Seismic Survey they employ the use of seismic maps based on time and depth. Various group of seismic lines are acquired at significant gaps between adjacent lines.three-D Seismic Survey a cubical line of battle of different slices that is arranged using computer algorithms and can be viewed on software. For a 3-D survey, different surveys are carried out at scrawnyly set line locations over the area which can be combined to form a cube.4-D Seismic Survey a relatively new technology, which is an alteration to the 3-D survey. It takes into account the changes happening in the subsurface strata over the production years. Thus it takes into account time as the fourth dimension. This can be very estimable while determining the healthful locations in field development.Processing of seismic data is the virtually important aspect since it undermines the potential of the interpretation cultivate. Processing has primarily been done through various analysis that are majorly mathematical functions fed into computers. A major part of processing is done simultaneously along with acquisition. The data collected can be demultiplexed, convoluted or deconvoluted. This has been dealt with farther in the project.Seismic data processing uses the concepts of geometrical analysis and powerful techniques of fourier analysis. The digital filtering possibleness and practical applications of digital techniques to enhance the images of subsurface geology can virtually be applied to any information sampled in time. The basis aspects of processing is to recognize and extirpate noise from the signal, correct the Normal Move Out (NMO), and stacking of data to form a chart of seismic image that can be used for further study.Interpretation follows exploration and processing of data. The structural interpretation of seismic images determines all decisions in hydrocarbon exploration and production. Since drilling a well for exploration proves costly, maximum information is derived from the seismic data to establish an opinion about the probability of finding petroleum in the structures. However, drilling is required to verify whether the structures are petroleum inscrutable or not. Thus the main challenge is to establish a theoretical account which includes geologically reasonable solutions.Computer-aided seismic interpretation has been of much interest in the later on years. The use of unique and highly complicated software has been recommended by various petroleum organizations, which can serve high reliability. However, automating the whole seismic process is an inconceivable job due to high heterog eneity and varying contrasts between data sources in different parts of the world. Horizon tracking and autopicking is gaining interest among various researchers and developers. This has successfully not been sought as yet.This project is aimed to study the various problems faced in horizon tracking while trying to execute an automated seismic interpretation process. Horizon tracking is basically carried out through autotrackers which are either feature based or correlation based. Feature based looks for mistakable configuration while the correlation regularity is more(prenominal) robust and less sensitive to noise. However, tracking across discontinuities is a difficult job. Thus the project is aimed at finding a way to track horizon across fault lines.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWSEISMIC EXPLORATION SURVEYSeismic exploration surveys in the field of oil and gas are an application of reflection seismology. It is a method to estimate the properties of the earths surface from reflect ed seismic waves. When a seismic wave travels through the rock surface it creates impedance. A wave travels through materials under the influence of pressure. Because molecules of the rock material is bound elastically to one another, the excess pressure results in a wave propagating through the solid.A seismic survey can reveal pockets of lower density material and their location. Although this cannot be guaranteed that oil can be found in these pockets, since the presence of water is also possible.Acoustic impedance is given by -Z = pV,where p density of the material and V acousticalal swiftness of waveAcoustic impedance is important in -the determination of acoustic transmission and reflection at the boundary of two materials having different acoustic impedances.the design of ultrasonic transducers.assessing absorption of sound in a medium.Thus the acoustic impedance of each rock formation in the subsurface will be different due to different densities. This density contrast i s helpful in tracking the waves in the subsurface and an acoustic impedance chart is achieveed which is cognise as a seismic chart. However, the impedances recorded by the instruments on the surface is not correct due to noise and other operators that change the impedance factor of the wave.When a seimic wave is reflected off a boundary between two materials with different impedances, some energy is reflected while some continues through the boundary. The amplitude of this wave can be predicted by multiplying the amplitude of the incoming wave by the Seismic Reflection Coefficient, R.,where Z1 and Z0 are impedances of the two rock formations.Similarly the amplitude of wave travelling through the formation can be determined using the Transmission Coefficient, T.,where Z1 and Z0 are impedances of the two rock formations.By noting the changes in strength of the wave, we can infer the change in acoustic impedances and thus conclude the change in density and elastic modulus. This chan ge can be used to herald the structural changes in the subsurface and thus predict the formation based upon impedances.It might also happen that when the seismic wave hits the boundary between two surfaces it will be reflected or bent. This is given by Snells Law.The reflection and transmission coefficients are found by applying the appropriate boundary conditions and using Zoeppritz equations. These are a set of equations which determine the partitioning of energy in a wavefield at a boundary across which the properties of rock or the fluid changes. They relate the amplitudes of P-waves and S-waves at each side of the surface.Zoeppritz equations have been useful in deriving workable approximations in amplitude versus Offset (AVO). These studies attempt with some success to predict the fuid discipline in the rock formations.The parameters to be used for each seismic survey depends on various variables, including whether the survey is being carried out on land or a marine environm ent. Other geophysical issues such as sea depth, terrain also play a big role. Safety issues are also important.A Seismic Exploration Survey is broadly divided into three step -Seismic selective information learnednessSeismic Data ProcessingSeismic Data InterpretationEach step in the survey needs high reliability and complicated equipments that can deliver the best results. More often, based on these results, the drilling of exploration wells is based. Since drilling can prove costly, thus capital investment is one of the major concern of every company.The Seismic Exploration Survey can be shown as -SEISMIC data ACQUISITIONSeismic data acquisition refers to collection of seismic data. The acquired data is further direct to a computer network where processing of data takes place.With better technologies, the prospect of better acquisition surveys have come into place. A generation and recording of seismic data requires -Receiver configurations includes geophones of hydrophones i n the display slip of paper of marine acquisition.Transmitter configurations includes laying of transmitter as according to the survey configuration predecided.Orientation of streamers in case of marine surveys.Proper computer network to carry the information from receivers to the programming network.When a survey is conducted, seismic waves generated by dynamite or vibrators travel through the subsurface strata, which are in turn reflected or refracted. These reflected waves and their time to complete one interval is noted by the receivers. The receiver configuration has to be well determined so that maximum data can be collected over an area.ACQUISITION ON LANDIn a typical land seismic acquisition process, the survey is planned in an attempt to minimize the terrain constraints. It basically includes the sensor layout organisation and the source development scheme.The source development scheme is used to configure the number of transmitters being used to send the signal down th e surface. One or more transmitters can be used based on the programme employed. Similarily one or many receivers can be employed to collect the reflected waves data.The receiver configuration is an important aspect. The configuration can be in such a way that the closest receiver gathers only the high amplitude wave on the first line of receivers or it can be different based on the signal strength and seismic line survey.The data collected through receiver or geophones is converted to binary program data that can is further handed over to the computer network for processing.MARINE ACQUISITIONMarine acquisition involves processes such as -Wide-azimuth Marine Acquisition Azimuth surveys set aside a step-change improvement in resourcefulness of seismic data. These surveys provide illumination in complex geology and natural attenuation of some multiples. Azimuth shooting illustrates the acquisition of data in all directions. This acquisition technique can help in generating 3-D mod els.Coil Shooting this technique acquires marine seismic data while following a circular caterpillar track by improving upon multi and wide azimuth techniques. This includes vessel steering, streamers and sources in a mold which delivers greater range of azimuths. Sometime single-sensor recording while steering the vessel in different directions has proved to be more beneficial in case of noise attenuation and signal fidelity.Different seismic surveys can be classified as -Two-dimensional SurveyThree-dimensional SurveyFour-dimensional SurveyTWO DIMENSIONAL SURVEYSIn such a survey seismic data is acquired simultaneously along a group of seismic lines which are distinguish with some gaps, usually 1 km or more. A 2-D survey contains many lines acquired orthogonally to the strike of the geological structures with a minimum number of lines acquired parallel to geological structures to allow line-to-line tying of the seismic data and interpretation and mapping of structures.This techni que generates a 2-D cross-section of the deep seabed and is used primarily when initially reconnoitre for the presence of oil and gas beginnings.THREE DIMENSIONAL SURVEYSMultiple streamers shoot on closely spaced lines. The seismic data gathered on close spacing, the 3-D seismic cube can be formed. This innovation requires use of high performance computers and advanced data processing techniques.The computer generated model can be analyzed in greater detail by viewing the model in vertical and horizontal time slices, or even an attached section can be viewed.In a standard 3-D seismic survey, the streamers are placed at about 50-150 meters apart, each streamer being 6-8 kilometers long. Airguns are fired every10-20 seconds. However, many other objectives and economical constraints determine the specific acquisition parameters.FOUR DIMENSIONAL SURVEYSThe 4-D survey is also called the time-lapse survey. It involves processing of repeated seismic surveys over an area of reservoir und er production. The changes occurring in the reservoir due to production and injection can be determined overtime which further helps in field development of the reservoir.One important aspect of a 4-D survey is that there should be minimum difference in the position of the seismic lines when a repeated survey is done after sometime. Significant cost savings can be done by the use of 4-D surveys due to better cooking and understanding of reservoir characteristics.DIFFERENT SHOT METHODSThe common shot gather uses one transmitter source (vibroseis or explosives) and many receivers (geophones) places at some space from the source. They geophones are placed at equal spacings from each other.Commom midpoint gather is the most widely used survey technique. It uses one transmitter placed at the midpoint exactly above the formation area to be surveyed. Receivers are set in all the directions surrounding the transmitter.Common offset gather uses multiple shot and receiving technique.Common r eceiver position gather, as the name states, has only on receiver. While the many shots are employed, the various seismic waves reflecting back to the receiver have different amplitudes and frequencies, thus can be varied and collected differently.COMMON MIDPOINT METHODIt was discovered that relection seismic sections can be ad-lib by repeated sampling of the subsurface formations using different travel paths of the seismic waves. This can easily be achieved by using commom midpoint method which states that increasing the spacing between source and receiver about a commom midpoint and generating duplicated data of the subsurface coverage.The processing of a common midpoint gather system requires sorting of data from the Commom Shot Gather into a Commom Midpoint Gather. The data collected is usually in the form In this method, the inclination of the data occurs since the wavefronts reaching out to the receivers are at an inclined angle, this results in much larger raypath than the c orresponding receiver placed close to the shot point. In order to use the recordings to a common depth point, one needs to correct the data for all the time travel distances. This is known as Normal Moveout discipline (NMO).after NMO, the summation of various wavepaths gives us a horizontal section at time travel equal to zero. This is known as time stacking procedure.After NMO correction the data is shown as -SEISMIC DATA PROCESSINGA abduce seismic processing sequence is applied to input raw gathers to bind reference seismic output data. A series of test seismic processing sequences are applied to the input raw gathers to obtain test seismic output data. The RMS value of the test seismic output data is normalized to that of the reference seismic output data on a absorb by trace basis. The normalized difference between the test and the reference seismic output data is calculated on a sample by sample basis in the time domain and are displayed on color coded plots in the time sca le format over the CDP range. Linear regression is performed for each CMP gather to obtain the stack and the zero offset calculated for each time index and the difference is recorded. The normalized differences between the error for the test and the reference sequences are calculated and displayed on color coded plots. The order of sensitivity for each processing step in the reference processing sequence is determined. If necessary, any processing step is rejected and the reference processing sequence is revised. 2fountainhead-DRIVEN SEISMICIntegrating well data throughout the seismic workflow for superior imaging and evertingWell-Driven Seismic (WDS) is the consolidation of borehole information throughout the surface-seismic workflow to provide better seismic images, more reliable stratigraphic interpretation, and greater confidence in global reservoir characterization.Wireline logs (compressional, shear, and density), VSPs, and surface-seismic data stage the elastic reaction of the earth at various resolution scales. A principle of the Well-Driven Seismic concept is that these data should be processed with respect to their rough-cut body, i.e., that the seismic data must tie with logs and VSPs in time and depth. The aim of the Well-Driven Seismic method is to involve all the available borehole information to optimize the integral seismic workflow to deliver seismic images of superior resolution (in time or depth) and calibrated prestack seismic amplitudes that are suitable for inversion and detailed seismic reservoir description.Earth properties from logs, VSPs, and surface-seismic dataThe Well-Driven Seismic workflow invokes new proprietary software and analysis techniques from WesternGeco and Schlumberger to derive an earth property model from the integrated analysis of wireline logs, VSPs, and surface-seismic data. The property model includes compressional and shear velocities, attenuation (Q) factors, VTI anisotropy parameters, and interbed multiple mechanisms, and is derived at the well location (or locations) and extended across the survey area in 3D. The 3D model is applied in the seismic processing sequence for true amplitude and phase recovery, deconvolution, multiple attenuation, anisotropic prestack time and depth imaging (including of converted-wave data), AVO analysis, and 4D processing.WELL DATA FOR HIGH RESOLUTION SEISMIC IMAGINGWell information can improve many key stages of the conventional seismic processing sequence. VSP data provide excellent discrimination of primary and multiple events, and are used to guide surface-seismic multiple attenuation processes. Furthermore, interbed multiple mechanisms identified in separated VSP wavefields are used as input to data-driven multiple attenuation processes, such as the WesternGeco Interbed Multiple Prediction (IMP). Inverse-Q operators derived from VSP data (and new methods for walkaway VSP data) can significantly improve seismic resolution. WesternGeco employs a prop rietary deconvolution process that is constrained by the signal-to-noise level in the seismic data and by the well reflectivity to enhance further the seismic resolution. The calibrated anisotropic velocity model is vital for prestack time and depth migration (including of converted waves) to improve steep-dip imaging, lateral positioning of reflectors, signal-to-noise ratios, and seismic resolution.OPTIMIZED WELL TIESThe Well-Driven Seismic method optimizes the processing sequence and the processing parameters within that sequence to tie the seismic data to the wells. Attributes based on the well tie and on the quality of the extracted wavelets are used for deterministic seismic processing decisions. Space-adaptive wavelet processing corrects 3D seismic data to true zero phase between well locations, and stabilizes residual spatial wavelet renderings.BOREHOLE CALIBREATED SEIMIC INVERSIONThe Well-Driven Seismic approach provides greater sensitivity to seismically derived reservoir attributes through calibrated AVO or acoustic impedance inversion. The well data are particularly important for successful processing of seismic data for inversion. Compensation for the offset-dependent effects of Q, geometric spreading, transmission losses, and anisotropy are innate for processing data over very long offsets (where the strongest AVO expression of the reservoir may be visible). The method calibrates the AVO signatures in the prestack seismic data with the offset-dependent amplitude response synthesized from well logs and/or the response expressed in the walkaway VSP to provide assurance of the seismic processing sequence.With the seismic processing sequence optimized for resolution and consistency with the well data, Well-Driven Seismic processing is a vital prerequisite for acoustic impedance or AVO inversion and subsequent reservoir characterization.AVO AND INVERSIONAmplitude variation with offset (AVO) has been used extensively in hydrocarbon exploration over th e past two decades. Traditional AVO analysis involves computation of the AVO intercept, gradient, and higher-order AVO term from a fit of P-wave reflection amplitude to the sine square of the angle of incidence. This fit is based on the approximate P-wave reflection coefficient formulation in intercept-gradient form, given by Bortfeld (1961) and Shuey (1985) among others. Under the conjecture of a background PS velocity ratio, the AVO intercept and gradient values can also be combined to obtain additional AVO attributes such as pseudo-S-wave data, Poissons ratio contrast, and others. AVO intercept and pseudo-S-wave data are also used in conjunction with prestack waveform inversion (PSWI) in a hybrid inversion scheme. hybridisation inversion is a combination of prestack and poststack inversion methodologies. Such a combination allows efficient inversion of large data volumes in the absence of well information.Amplitude Variation with Offset (AVO) inversion is a prestack technique t hat is readily applied to seismic gathers but which is still largely under-utilised in the exploration community patronage its ability to effectively discriminate between fluid and lithology effects.AVO inversion is equally applicable to both 2D and 3D seismic data in time or depth providing that sufficient care has been taken to preserve amplitudes during processing. A reliable velocity model is also a critical component of the AVO process as accurate angle information is a prerequisite for AVO inversion. The more accurate the angles, the better the partitioning of amplitudes to P-wave and S-wave reflectivities. In addition, both angle and ray path information can be incorporated in a variety of model based amplitude corrections that are preferable and often more accurate than scalars derived from empirical equations.The inversion process is then performed, completing in about the same time as a conventional stack. The resulting outputs are a series of AVO reflectivity sections or volumes that are determined by the Zoeppritz approximation used.Fluid Factor is one of the most useful attributes derived from AVO inversion due its ability to make such distinctions and directly identify hydrocarbons.Multi-Measurement Reservoir Definition workflows include the following componentsReservoir Synthetic ModelingForward modeling to generate pre-stack synthetics from geological modelsAnivec (prestack elastic modeling)Prestack Waveform Inversion (PSWI)Full waveform prestack inversion is a non-linear inversion process that estimates elastic model (Vp, Vs, and density) from prestack seismic data using a genetic algorithm.AVO Modeling and analysisAVO ConditioningConditions angle band stacks prior to performing AVO analysisAVO InversionElastic impedance modeling and inversion from angle band cubesSpace-adaptive InversionSpace adaptive wavelet processing and inversion to relative seismic impedanceElastic Impedance Inversion combination low frequency trends with seismic relativ e inverted impedance cubes to generate absolute impedanceIntegrated Rock Physics ModelingFluid and rock property analysis, modeling and substitutionRock Property CalibrationGenerating rock properties from seismic using transforms derived from petrophysical analysis of well data.The outputs are high-resolution absolute acoustic and shear impedance and density volumes consistent with the seismic data and the well-log data. The inverted elastic parameter volumes are used for detailed interpretation of lithofacies and pore-fluid content in the subsurface. Combined with rock physics modeling and rock property mapping through lithology classification and joint porosity-saturation inversion, the method provides a powerful tool for quantitative reservoir description and characterization. The results are the most-probable litho-class, porosity, and saturation with uncertainties of prediction at every sample point in the 3-D volume.SIGNAL PROCESSINGSome elements of the seismic data processing sequence are virtually universal regardless of whether the intention is to performtimeimaging,depthimaging,multicomponentimaging, orreservoirstudies. Data condition and signal processing form the foundation of the seismic processing workflow.Signal processing encompasses a wide variety of technologies designed to address numerous challenges in the processing sequence from data calibration and regulation through to noise attenuation, demultiple, and signal enhancement techniques.It includesMultiple AttenuationSignal EnhancementData caliberation and regularizationNoise AttenuationTIME PROCESSINGPrestack time migration (PSTM) may not be the most sophisticated imaging method available, but it remains the most commonly used migration algorithm in use today. Kirchhoff PSTM combines improved structural imaging with amplitude preservation of prestack data in readiness for AVO, inversion, and subsequent reservoir characterization.Advances in this field also mean that time imaging, more tha n ever before, is an ideal first step in aDepth resourcefulnessworkflow, decrease the number of velocity model building iterations and decreasing overall turnaround time.It includesImaging Regularization, migration and datuming techniquesStatics portfolioVelocities and moveoutEnhanced Migration Amplitude NormalizationDEPTH PROCESSINGDepth Imaging is the preferred seismic imaging tool for todays most challenging exploration and reservoir-delineation projects. In areas of structural or seismic velocity model complexity, many of the assumptions underpinning traditionalistic time-domain processing are invalid and can produce mis controling results. Typical situations might be heavily faulted sequences or salt intrusions. In these cases, only the metrical application of 3D prestack depth imaging can be relied on to accurately delineate geological structure, aiding risk assessment and helping operators to improve drilling success rates.TECHNOLOGYFrom a technology perspective, high qua lity depth imaging has two main aspects the ability to build detailed and accurate velocity models, coupled with a superior imaging algorithm.VELOCITY MODEL BUILDINGVelocity Model Building is a key critical element in imaging the Earth. Tomography provides the best high resolution calibrated velocity and anisotropic Earth Models, powerful refraction tomographies detect shallow velocity anomalies. all(prenominal) those algorithms work with any acquisition configuration and can be applied to any geological setting. Also, these computer intensive algorithms are integrated with an interactive graphics environment for rapid and accurate quality control of the interim and final results.VECTOR PROCESSINGConventional seismic recording uses a single scalar measurement of pressure or vertical displacement throughout the 2D or 3D survey to derive images and models of the subsurface. Subsequent processing and inversion steps can be linked to the relative shear-wave contrasts in the subsurface using rock property relationships. However, sometimes it is impossible to meet a surveys seismic imaging or reservoir definition objectives using compressional (P) waves alone.SEISMIC DATA INTERPRETATIONComputer aided interpretation is the mainstay of 3D seismic interpretation as the amount of data used is voluminous.The important services areIIWS (Intergrated Intelligence Workstation) based interpretation of 2D, 3D dataStructural mappingIntegrating seismic attributes with wireline, core and reservoir data for reservoir characterisationSeismic modeling3D visualisation and animationPalinspastic restorationStructural restoration is an established method by which to validate seismic interpretations. In addition, palinspastic reconstruction can help identify potential reservoir depocentres, enable the measurement of catchment areas at the time of hydrocarbon migration and lead to an improved understanding of complex hydrocarbon systems such as those in the deepwater. Restoration is achi eved by the sequential backstripping of the present day depth model. Upon removal of each resultant layer, the remaining surfaces within the model are adjusted to accoun

families Essay -- essays research papers

The importance of families has been espoused by all since the inception of modern times. Considered by most to be the backbone of America, it is how we socially and culturally indoctrinate our manifestation so they are able to become a functional member of society. A lack of a full family is often cited as the reason that children kibosh up as criminals or delinquents. The notion of family being the birthplace of problems is not even something most people could find feasible, which is what makes Barbara Ehrenreichts essay Are Families hard? seem a bit out in left field to most readers. But upon closer inspection and reflection into ones own family life, and the lives of those around them, Ehrenreichts essay begins to make a lot more sense. It is because of my understanding of values within our culture and my own personal experience with my family that I believe Ehrenreichts essay on family is completely true in the ideas that it expresses.Most of us choose only to recall fond mem ories of our youth when we speak about how bully family life is, though the reality of things is that few of us have a perfect youth with our family and it is often peppered with emotional and physical harm. Ehrenreicht hits the nail on the wit when she talks about the plight of the wife, many of their problems come not from outside of the house, but within. Turn to any daytime TV show to see the gross and emotional pain that family members cause, whether it be from physical or emotional abuse....

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The story begins in the year 1984 in the nation of Oceania. Winston Smith is a starting time ranking Outer party member working for a government system called the Party. The Party and its omniscient leader known as vainglorious Brother, control everything including language, history, and its citizens. Everywhere Winston goes, he is being monitored by the Party through telescreens and by the Thought Police. The most recent implementation of the Partys control over the nation has been the creation of Newspeak, an attempt to prevent political rebellion by eliminating all words that relate to it. Rebellion is the ultimate offense a citizen can commit, and even thoughts about rebellion are illegal. While working in the Ministry of Truth, a branch of the Party that controls and alters history, Winston begins to question the validity of the Party and its doctrines. He wishes for privacy and freedom but cannot express these feelings without fear of the Thought Police, who patrol thoughts and punish people who think poorly of the Party or its leader. In order to escape the Partys tyranny, at least in his...

Anti-Death Penalty Essay -- Papers Against Capital Punishment Essays

Anti- finale PenaltyHistoryThe terminal penalty is not a hot idea in our world. Its origins date back 3,700 years to the Babylonian civilization, where it was prescribed for a variety of crimes (Kronenwetter p.10). It was also greatly used in the Greek and roman type empires. In ancient Roman and Mosaic Law they believed in the rule of eye for and eye. The most famous consummations of the past included Socrates and Jesus (Wilson p.13). It continued into England during the mediate Ages and then to the American colonies where it exist still today. In the colonies, death was a punishment for crimes of murder, arson, and perjury. Although today the death penalty is used for murder. Common ways of execution in the past where stoning, crucifixion, burning, breaking of the wheel, draw and quartering, beheading, garroting, shooting, and hanging (Wilson p.89). Today these styles of execution ar thought to be cruel and unusual. Today in the United States, the death penalty is us ed in five different ways. These five ways are the firing squad, hanging, gas chamber, electric chair, and lethal injection. The United States applies these styles of execution because they are thought to be not torturous for execution. The death penalty has been accepted in the United States, but was not always approved by the people. In the late eighteen hundreds there was enough attention gathered to the death penalty to lead to restrictions. Many northern states abolished the practice all together bid Michigan, Wisconsin, and Rhode Island (Wilson p.45). Pennsylvania in 1794 decided to revises its laws on the death penalty. The state decided to use the penalty mainly for first-degree murder. Around this time many states where deciding t... ...ald J. Reports otiose Assistance of Counsel and Lack of Due Process in Death Penalty Cases. Human Rights Winter 1995.Whittier, Charles H. Moral Arguments For and Against Capital Punishment. CRS Report For Congress 1996Wilson, Josh , M. Death Penalty History. New York Fletcher Press. 1998http//www.time.com/time/magagzine/archive/1994/940523.crime.htmlhttp//listserv.american.edu/catholic/church/us/nybish.deathhttp//www2.law.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/foliocgi.exe/historic/ dubiousness=group+/pageitems=bodyhttp//mtsd.k12.wi.us/mtsd/district/whacked.sites/anatomy.of.a.murder/gregg.htmhttp//mtsd.k12.we.us/mtsd/district/whacked.sites/anatomy.of.a.murder/furman.htmhttp//mtsd.k.12.wi.us/mtsd/district/whacked.sites/anatomy.of.a.murder/thompson.htmHttp//www2.law.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/foliocgi.exe/historic/query=group+pageitems=body

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Important Discoveries in ChemistrySince the dawn of man, interpersonal chemistry has been the tool enjoymentd to fulfill our search for fill outledge. A multitude of discoveries have changed the way use chemistry. These discoveries are being made every day and they change the way we see the universe. The following is a sample of important discoveries in chemistry.1. Discovery of the speckThe idea that atoms make up matter has been around for centuries. However, it has only played a role in chemistry for the past 200 years, and the idea hasnt taken off until the last 100 years.Ancient Greek philosopher, Demokritos, was one of the first to propose the idea that matter is made up of smaller units. He called these units, atoms. The word atom means unable to be divided. Demokritos also thought that the atoms moved through an infinite empty. Aristotle, however, believed the world contained continuous substances his belief would be dominant for the time period.The atom would not be scien tifically theorized until 1808 by John Dalton. His atomic theory statesAll matter contains indivisible and indestructible particles called atoms.The atoms of either one element have the same mass and properties.Compounds are the ending of the combination of different atoms.The rearrangement of atoms results in a chemical reaction.Today, nothing in chemistry would be the same without the idea of the atom. Not only is it the basic building block of all matter, but it is also the basic building block of some all of our knowledge in chemistry.2. Discovery of the ElectronThe electron was discovered by J.J. Thompson, a physics professor at Cambridge University.The discovery would be the result of Thompsons experiments with cathode tubes used in electric and ... ...ial agent was at its greatest. The U.S. pushed industry to produce the penicillin mold. Towards the end of World War II, 650 billion units of penicillin were produced every month. 7. Discovery of piddle in Martian SoilA mor e recent discovery might set the path to discovering life on another planet. Data self-contained by NASAs Curiosity rover shows that Martian soil holds about 2% water.The rovers Sample Analysis at Mars means heated a soil sample to 835 degrees Celsius. The resulting gases were oxygen, chlorine, and surprisingly, water vapor.Laurie Leshin of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute says that a cubic foot of the soil would yield a couple pints of water. From what we know so far, this water is drinkable. However, no one has worked out how to use the soil as a resource for water. One idea is to use a optical condenser to cool the water vapor into a liquid.

Irony, Images, and Illusions in Dover Beach :: Arnold Dover Beach Essays

Irony, Images, and Illusions in Dover Beach         In the rime Dover Beach by Matthew Arnold there is a lot of irony,appeal to the auditory and visual sense, and illusions. The tone in this poem isvery sad and dismal, but he shows us how to keep faith and intrust in spite ofthat and how important being honest, true, and faithful to one another, reallyis. Throughout this poem, Arnold mentions all of these traits and ties them alltogether.         The irony in this poem is the main eyepatch of the poem.  A man has taken awoman to a beautiful beach in France.  There they look over the cliffs at thebeautiful ocean, the stagnate is full and bright, and the iniquity-air is calm andpeaceful.  She thinks that she is spill to this romantic place to be wooed bythis man.  Instead he turns to her and talks to her about Sophocles.  She, notunderstanding what exactly is going on, later realizes that he was getting tothe point of having each other and always  being there for one another.         The poet uses visual and auditory images to mainly help the romantic,fantasy-like place.  The ocean is calm, the tide is full and Of pebbles whichthe waves draw back, and fling, is an example of images that appeal to thevisual sense.  While Where the sea meets the moon-blanched land and Withtremulous cadence slow, and bring... uses an auditory sense.  Come to thewindow, sweet is the night air, can apply to both senses.  Sweet can implyangelic or precious to qualify to be an visual image, or it can mean almost likea melodious tune.         Illusions are used in this poem as deception for the girl that the manis trying to hold a non-romantic conversation with.  A theory is portrayed inthis poem by Plato, the world is an illusion.  In many case this that falls true. In the first stanza of the poem , the s urrounds of the two people is discussed.Words like calm, tranquil, sweet, and eternal, are used which seem to foreshadowa lovely romantic evening. As the poem continues on, the evening is passtalking about anything but love.  The final topic of discussion goes much deeperthan just love.  They end up talking about how the world is sometimes so